Extrinsic black tooth stain (EBS) is a prevalent condition in primary dentition, with global prevalence ranging from 2.4% to 26%. EBS typically presents as dark lines or black dots on the tooth's crown, which can extend to cover pits and grooves in severe cases. Although the etiology of EBS remains unclear, advancements in molecular biotechnology have provided insights into the microbial landscape associated with this condition. 
Technological Advances: NGS and Proteomics
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become pivotal in studying the microbiota of EBS. It enables the identification of microbial communities through high-throughput DNA sequencing, particularly focusing on regions like the 16S rRNA gene. Despite its limitations in achieving full bacterial identification down to the species level, NGS offers comprehensive insights into microbial diversity. Proteomics, which examines protein profiles in biological samples, offers additional insights by identifying microbial proteins and their roles in the pathogenesis of EBS. Compared to gene-based studies, proteomics better reflects dynamic biological functions.Microbial Composition and Characteristics
Morphological studies reveal that EBS-associated biofilms largely consist of Gram-positive aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria, forming dense "hedgehog" structures. Research also indicates that iron plays a crucial role in EBS formation, with studies showing significantly higher iron concentrations in EBS compared to normal plaque. This suggests that iron metabolism may influence biofilm formation and bacterial growth in EBS.Free for members
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