Topical Fluoride Applications: By Patient & By Dentist

Fluoride has long been recognized for its role in preventing dental caries. Topical fluoride applications, whether self-applied or professionally administered, are critical components of oral health care routines. This article delves into the different types of topical fluoride applications, their benefits, and guidelines set forth by reputable dental organizations.

Self Applied Topical Fluorides

Self-applied topical fluorides are products that patients can use at home to help prevent tooth decay. These include:

1. Toothpaste: Most toothpaste contains fluoride and is the most common form of self-applied topical fluoride. Fluoride in toothpaste is taken up directly by the dental plaque and demineralized enamel. It increases the fluoride concentration in saliva 100- to 1,000-fold.

Active ingredient: sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, or stannous fluoride.

Fluoride concentration: Normal fluoride toothpastes – 1,000 to 1,500 ppm; High fluoride toothpastes – 5,000 ppm .

Dosage & usage: Twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste—on waking up in the morning and before going to bed—is recommended. Children’s brushing should be supervised. For children younger than 3 years, non fluoride toothpastes can be used, unless the child has a high caries index – then, parents should brush their teeth using fluoride toothpaste in a smear – the size of a rice grain. Children above 3 years and adults should use a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste.

2. Mouth Rinses: Over-the-counter mouth rinses containing fluoride can be used daily or weekly. The fluoride from a mouthrinse is retained in dental plaque and saliva and helps prevent tooth decay. Hence, they provide an additional layer of protection by reaching areas that brushing might miss.

Active ingredient: Sodium fluoride

Fluoride concentration: 230 ppm fluoride for daily rinsing; 920 ppm fluoride for weekly rinsing

Dosage & usage: 0.05% sodium fluoride (230 ppm fluoride) for daily rinsing can be used by persons older than 6 years of age. Higher strength mouthrinses (e.g., 0.2% neutral sodium fluoride) must be prescribed for those at high risk of tooth decay to be used once a week. Use in children younger than 6 years of age is not recommended because of the risk of fluorosis if the rinse is swallowed repeatedly.

3. Gels and Foams: These are less common but can be prescribed for individuals at high risk for cavities. They offer a more concentrated dose of fluoride than toothpaste or mouth rinse.

Active ingredient: Sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride

Fluoride concentration: 5,000 ppm fluoride in sodium fluoride; 1,000 ppm fluoride in stannous fluoride

Dosage & usage: 1.1% sodium fluoride or 0.15% stannous fluoride concentrated gel can be applied by the patient at home.

The convenience and accessibility of these products make them an essential part of daily oral hygiene routines. However, it’s important to use them correctly—such as not swallowing toothpaste—to avoid potential overexposure to fluoride.

Professionally Applied Topical Fluorides

Professionally applied topical fluorides are treatments provided by dental professionals during routine check-ups or specific appointments. These professional applications are especially beneficial for individuals at higher risk for dental caries due to factors like poor oral hygiene, dry mouth conditions, or orthodontic appliances.

They include:

1. Varnishes: Fluoride varnish is painted directly onto the teeth’s surface and hardens upon contact with saliva. It provides a high concentration of fluoride that remains on the teeth longer than other forms, although not permanently.

Active ingredient: sodium fluoride or difluorsilane

Fluoride concentration: 22,600 ppm fluoride in sodium fluoride; 1,000 ppm fluoride in difluorsilane

Dosage & usage: A typical application requires 0.2 to 0.5 mL, resulting in a total fluoride ion application of 5 to 11 mg. Varnishes must be reapplied at regular intervals with at least 2 applications per year needed for sustained benefit. Proper application technique reduces the possibility of swallowing and limits the total amount of fluoride swallowed as the varnish wears off the teeth over a period of hours.

Although it is not currently cleared for marketing by the FDA as an anticaries agent, fluoride varnish has been widely used for this purpose in Canada and Europe since the 1970s and studies have reported that fluoride varnish is as effective in preventing tooth decay as professionally applied fluoride gel.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends the clinical application of fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of all infants and children starting at the age of primary tooth eruption. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there is no published evidence to indicate that professionally applied fluoride varnish is a risk factor for dental fluorosis, even among children younger than 6 years of age.

2. Gels and Foams: Applied using trays that fit over the teeth, these treatments require a short period where the patient must keep the tray in place. They deliver a potent dose of fluoride directly to the enamel.

Active ingredient: acidulated phosphate fluoride; neutral sodium fluoride

Fluoride concentration: gels of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride- 12,300 ppm fluoride ; gels of 2% neutral sodium fluoride -9,000 ppm fluoride ; gels or foams of sodium fluoride -9,040 ppm fluoride

Dosage & usage: Fluoride gel is generally applied for 1 to 4 minutes in foam tray. Re-applications are generally at 3- to 12-month intervals.It poses little risk for dental fluorosis, even among patients younger than 6 years of age. Routine use provides benefit only to persons at high risk for tooth decay, especially those who do not consume fluoridated water and brush daily with fluoride toothpaste.

3. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF): This is a colorless liquid not only helps prevent further decay but also arrests existing decay. It’s particularly useful for patients who have difficulty undergoing traditional restorative procedures.

Active ingredient: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF)

Fluoride concentration: at pH 10 is 24.4% to 28.8% (weight/volume) silver and 5.0% to 5.9% fluoride

Dosage & usage: Single application of SDF has been reported to be insufficient for sustained benefit. Its potential downsides include a reportedly unpleasant metallic taste, potential to irritate gingival and mucosal surfaces, and the characteristic black staining of the tooth surfaces to which it is applied. SDF with potassium iodide (KI) reduces the clack staining to a considerable extent. SDF has also shown efficacy in management of root caries in the elderly and as an interim approach for managing problematic caries in individuals currently unable to tolerate more involved dental treatment.

4. Fluoride-Containing Prophylaxis Paste. Fluoride-containing prophylaxis paste might restore the concentration of fluoride in the surface layer of enamel removed by polishing.

Active ingredient: not clear

Fluoride concentration: 4,000 to 20,000 ppm fluoride

Dosage & usage:Fluoride-containing paste is routinely used during dental prophylaxis. It is slightly abrasive in nature. Fluoride prophylaxis paste alone is not considered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or ADA an effective method to prevent dental caries, hence it is not an adequate substitute for fluoride gel or varnish in treating persons at high risk for dental caries.

ADA Clinical Recommendations for Topical Fluorides (2013)

In 2013, the American Dental Association (ADA) released clinical recommendations regarding topical fluorides:

Children Under 6 Years:

• Use a smear or rice-sized amount of fluoridated toothpaste starting at tooth eruption in patients at elevated risk.
• Apply 2.26% fluoride varnish every 3–6 months starting when first primary tooth appears in patients at elevated risk.

Children Aged 6 Years and Older:

• Use a pea-sized amount of fluoridated toothpaste.
• Consider additional measures such as mouth rinses if they are at increased risk for caries.
• 2.26% fluoride varnish or 1.23% fluoride (acidulated phosphate fluoride) gel, or a prescription-strength, home-use 0.5% fluoride gel or paste or 0.09% fluoride mouthrinse

Adults:

• Regular use of fluoridated toothpaste is recommended.
• High-risk adults may benefit from professional applications like gels or varnishes during dental visits.

These guidelines emphasize early intervention with appropriate amounts tailored to age-specific needs.

ADA Clinical Practice Guideline on Nonrestorative Treatments for Carious Lesions (2018)

In 2018, the ADA updated its guidelines focusing on nonrestorative treatments for carious lesions:

Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF):

• Recommended as an effective method to arrest advanced cavitated carious lesions in primary teeth and permanent molars when conventional restorative treatment is not immediately available or feasible.

Fluoride Varnish & Gels:

• Suggested as preventive measures alongside other non-invasive techniques such as sealants and dietary counseling to manage caries progression without surgical intervention.

These guidelines highlight a shift towards minimally invasive dentistry aimed at preserving natural tooth structure while effectively managing decay through preventive means.

Conclusion

Topical fluoride applications play a pivotal role in maintaining oral health across all age groups. Whether self-applied through daily use products like toothpaste and rinses or professionally administered via varnishes and gels, these treatments offer significant protection against dental caries. Embracing both self-care practices and professional interventions ensures comprehensive dental care aimed at preventing cavities effectively.